Hitachi develops new hard drive head technology that will increase storage capacity to 4TB by 2011
Hitachi recently announced that it has achieved a breakthrough in hard drive read-head design.
This breakthrough has produced read-heads in the 30-50 nanometer range, approximately 2,000 times smaller than the width of an average human hair. This new technology is called current perpendicular-to-the-plane giant magnetoresistive heads.
Giant magnetoresistance principles won scientists Albert Fert and Peter Grunberg the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physics.
These new heads will allow Hitachi to expand storage capacity in standard 3.5-inch desktop hard drives to 4TB and extend 2.5-inch laptop hard drives to 1TB of capacity. Hitachi says that it plans to integrate these new heads into hard drives starting in 2009 and that the technology will reach maturity in 2011.
The first products to reach market in 2009 will use recording heads of 50nm and products with recording heads of 30nm will hit market in 2011. Hitachi representatives believe the new heads will allow for storage densities of up to 500GB per square inch. The current highest capacity drives from Hitachi can only pack in 200GB per square inch.
Another benefit of the significantly smaller heads is that the hard drives will product less noise. Test products using 50nm heads produced 40dB of sound while the 30nm heads produced 30dB. Large capacity hard drives that produce less noise will be a welcome addition to digital video recorders.
Tuesday, July 19, 2011
Sunday, May 15, 2011
::: What is a Trojan? :::
What is a Trojan?
A Trojan is small, malicious programme that is installed along with a more attractive one. For example, that great freeware programme you got from that dodgy website? It may well be the programme you wanted. But someone (usually a 3rd party) may well have attached a Trojan to it. The Trojan will be installed as well as the software you wanted.
Trojans are not viruses, in the sense that they don’t replicate or send copies of themselves to others. They are just another programme that can be installed on your computer, albeit a nasty one!
What do Trojans do?
A Trojan can be very malicious indeed. Most of them are intent on controlling your PC. These are called Remote Access Trojans, or RATs for short. If someone has placed a Trojan on your computer, they’ll be able to see everything that you can. Some of them can even controll your webcam. That means the attacker can see you! If you have speakers attached to the PC, they can even hear you!
If that weren’t bad enough, the attacker will have access to your computer, enabling him to upload nasty things to your PC. After all, why should he store these things on his computer when he has access to yours?
Most Trojans these days, though, are placed on your computer by criminals. If you type your credit card details in to a website, for example, then the attacker can record what you type. If a criminal has controll of a lot of computer, he could also launch something called a Denial of Service attack. A DoS attack is when a lot of malicious computers attack a particular network or website. The network has so many request that it can’t cope, so has to shut down. The criminals then blackmail the owner (“We’ll let you have your site back if you give us money”.) Many gambling sites have been hit by this type of attack.
A Trojan can also disable your security software, leaving you wide open on the internet.
How do trojans get on My Computer?
If you have an unpatched version of a Windows operating sytem (XP, ME, W98, etc) that is allowed on the internet then you have a very high chance of becoming infected. Install Service pack 2 as matter of urgency. And get all the other Windows updates. If you browse using Internet Explorer then be aware that it is notorius for being unsecure. (At one stage, it was known as the Swiss Cheese browser because it had so many holes in it!) even with all the latest patches, someone is always trying to find a new hole in Internet Explorer. If an attacker can guide you to a particular website, then your browser’s security holes can be a way for them to load programmes onto your PC. A lot of people have switched to using a browser other than Internet Explorer, the most popular choice being Firefox.
But Trojans can get on to your PC many other ways: email attachments, software/music downloads, unsafe Instant Mesaage clients, IRC, Peer 2 peer downloads, open ports not protected by a firewall – the list is long!
If I have Anti-Virus software, does that mean I am protected?
You are not necassirly protected from Trojans, just because you have Anti-Virus software on your computer. If you have Norton or Mcafee please remember this: Most popular does NOT mean best! (See our Anti-Virus section for more details.) The problem faced by the makers of Anti-Virus software is that Trojans are easily adapted, and new versions come out all the time. Anti-Virus software makers are constantly playing catch-up. That’s why it’s important to update your Anti-Virus software on a regular basis. Besides, a really good trojan can disable your Anti-Virus.
(copyright @ internet)
A Trojan is small, malicious programme that is installed along with a more attractive one. For example, that great freeware programme you got from that dodgy website? It may well be the programme you wanted. But someone (usually a 3rd party) may well have attached a Trojan to it. The Trojan will be installed as well as the software you wanted.
Trojans are not viruses, in the sense that they don’t replicate or send copies of themselves to others. They are just another programme that can be installed on your computer, albeit a nasty one!
What do Trojans do?
A Trojan can be very malicious indeed. Most of them are intent on controlling your PC. These are called Remote Access Trojans, or RATs for short. If someone has placed a Trojan on your computer, they’ll be able to see everything that you can. Some of them can even controll your webcam. That means the attacker can see you! If you have speakers attached to the PC, they can even hear you!
If that weren’t bad enough, the attacker will have access to your computer, enabling him to upload nasty things to your PC. After all, why should he store these things on his computer when he has access to yours?
Most Trojans these days, though, are placed on your computer by criminals. If you type your credit card details in to a website, for example, then the attacker can record what you type. If a criminal has controll of a lot of computer, he could also launch something called a Denial of Service attack. A DoS attack is when a lot of malicious computers attack a particular network or website. The network has so many request that it can’t cope, so has to shut down. The criminals then blackmail the owner (“We’ll let you have your site back if you give us money”.) Many gambling sites have been hit by this type of attack.
A Trojan can also disable your security software, leaving you wide open on the internet.
How do trojans get on My Computer?
If you have an unpatched version of a Windows operating sytem (XP, ME, W98, etc) that is allowed on the internet then you have a very high chance of becoming infected. Install Service pack 2 as matter of urgency. And get all the other Windows updates. If you browse using Internet Explorer then be aware that it is notorius for being unsecure. (At one stage, it was known as the Swiss Cheese browser because it had so many holes in it!) even with all the latest patches, someone is always trying to find a new hole in Internet Explorer. If an attacker can guide you to a particular website, then your browser’s security holes can be a way for them to load programmes onto your PC. A lot of people have switched to using a browser other than Internet Explorer, the most popular choice being Firefox.
But Trojans can get on to your PC many other ways: email attachments, software/music downloads, unsafe Instant Mesaage clients, IRC, Peer 2 peer downloads, open ports not protected by a firewall – the list is long!
If I have Anti-Virus software, does that mean I am protected?
You are not necassirly protected from Trojans, just because you have Anti-Virus software on your computer. If you have Norton or Mcafee please remember this: Most popular does NOT mean best! (See our Anti-Virus section for more details.) The problem faced by the makers of Anti-Virus software is that Trojans are easily adapted, and new versions come out all the time. Anti-Virus software makers are constantly playing catch-up. That’s why it’s important to update your Anti-Virus software on a regular basis. Besides, a really good trojan can disable your Anti-Virus.
(copyright @ internet)
::: Basics Of Dual-Core Process Computer :::
The computer has been one of the most amazing and fruitful discoveries man has ever made. It has revolutionized the way man does his things. The way he eats, drinks, sleeps and even thinks. And computer itself has evolved over the years. From the Eniac I to the hand-held palmtops in executives` hands today, computer has changed with the technology. And it has changed our lives too.
The latest addition to this revolution of technical upgrading of computers is the dual-core processor technology. It refers to the CPU (Central Processing Unit- the brains of the computer) that possesses two independent and complete execution cores for each of its two processors. The concerned CPU contains two combined processors along with their cache memories and their respective controllers integrated into a singular circuit (commonly known as a silicon chip).
The dual-core process computer is suited to multitasking and handling miscellaneous tasks (often unrelated to each other). Because its CPU has two completely independent execution cores and both have independent interfaces to the front bus, it has excellent capacity to execute several programs and tasks simultaneously. Similarly, dual-core process computers may have more processor cores which is actually named as a multi-core process computer. These are highly efficient machines to conduct intensive tasks of computing or program execution at the same instance of time.
The Pentium dual-core process computer is the most preferred brand of computer in the market. It has x86-architectured microprocessors integrated onto its circuit. The 32-bit Yonah processors are a base for mobile computers while the 64-bit Allendale processors are maintained for the desktop computers. Both have absolutely different architecture as far as microprocessor technical build is concerned.
By early 2007, Intel decided to launch dual-core process computers in the field of notebooks or laptops too. This was a very important and vital decision as there were no other rivals in this phase if the market of computer architecture. Intel had only decided to launch the dual-core process computer system applying to notebooks on the behest of notebook or laptop manufacturers. The first processors to appear in notebooks using the dual-core process computer technology were the Pentium T2060, T2080 and a 32-bit Pentium M based on the Yonah core with a 1 MB L2 cache, instead of the usual 2MB cache memory.
Intel had forced a return of the Pentium brand to the market arena on 2006 with a host of low-cost single core Conroe-L core architecture processors with a 1 MB cache. These were numbered `1` to distinguish them from dual core process computer cores that had been labeled with the digit `2`.
More recently, on June 3, 2007, Intel released desktop dual-core processors from the Pentium brand. They were named as E2140 and E2160. September 2007 saw the late release of a better and updated model named E2180. These processors support the Intel64 extensions, because of their Allendale derived Core architecture. The power of these dual-core process computers was very imminent as most companies` demands exceeded supply over these multi-processor machines.
Dual-core process computer systems have taken over the world of computing today. As of its multi-tasking ability, it has gained world-wide acclaim due to its efficient, quick and yet superior quality program execution and task completion abilities. Heavier programs and complex games may be run with these dual-core process computer systems at the regular pace of conventional single-core processor systems did with light programs on the execution chart.
The age of computers had begun a long time back. But the age of sleek and efficient computing with the help of razor-edge technology has just begun with the dual-core process computer systems.
(for the copyright internet)
The latest addition to this revolution of technical upgrading of computers is the dual-core processor technology. It refers to the CPU (Central Processing Unit- the brains of the computer) that possesses two independent and complete execution cores for each of its two processors. The concerned CPU contains two combined processors along with their cache memories and their respective controllers integrated into a singular circuit (commonly known as a silicon chip).
The dual-core process computer is suited to multitasking and handling miscellaneous tasks (often unrelated to each other). Because its CPU has two completely independent execution cores and both have independent interfaces to the front bus, it has excellent capacity to execute several programs and tasks simultaneously. Similarly, dual-core process computers may have more processor cores which is actually named as a multi-core process computer. These are highly efficient machines to conduct intensive tasks of computing or program execution at the same instance of time.
The Pentium dual-core process computer is the most preferred brand of computer in the market. It has x86-architectured microprocessors integrated onto its circuit. The 32-bit Yonah processors are a base for mobile computers while the 64-bit Allendale processors are maintained for the desktop computers. Both have absolutely different architecture as far as microprocessor technical build is concerned.
By early 2007, Intel decided to launch dual-core process computers in the field of notebooks or laptops too. This was a very important and vital decision as there were no other rivals in this phase if the market of computer architecture. Intel had only decided to launch the dual-core process computer system applying to notebooks on the behest of notebook or laptop manufacturers. The first processors to appear in notebooks using the dual-core process computer technology were the Pentium T2060, T2080 and a 32-bit Pentium M based on the Yonah core with a 1 MB L2 cache, instead of the usual 2MB cache memory.
Intel had forced a return of the Pentium brand to the market arena on 2006 with a host of low-cost single core Conroe-L core architecture processors with a 1 MB cache. These were numbered `1` to distinguish them from dual core process computer cores that had been labeled with the digit `2`.
More recently, on June 3, 2007, Intel released desktop dual-core processors from the Pentium brand. They were named as E2140 and E2160. September 2007 saw the late release of a better and updated model named E2180. These processors support the Intel64 extensions, because of their Allendale derived Core architecture. The power of these dual-core process computers was very imminent as most companies` demands exceeded supply over these multi-processor machines.
Dual-core process computer systems have taken over the world of computing today. As of its multi-tasking ability, it has gained world-wide acclaim due to its efficient, quick and yet superior quality program execution and task completion abilities. Heavier programs and complex games may be run with these dual-core process computer systems at the regular pace of conventional single-core processor systems did with light programs on the execution chart.
The age of computers had begun a long time back. But the age of sleek and efficient computing with the help of razor-edge technology has just begun with the dual-core process computer systems.
(for the copyright internet)
::: How to Improve XP SHUTDOWN Speed ? :::
This tweak reduces the time XP waits before automatically closing any running programs when you give it the command to shutdown.
Go to Start then select Run
Type ‘Regedit’ and click ok
Find ‘HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop\’
Select ‘WaitToKillAppTimeout’
Right click and select ‘Modify’
Change the value to ‘1000′
Click ‘OK’
Now select ‘HungAppTimeout’
Right click and select ‘Modify’
Change the value to ‘1000′
Click ‘OK’
Now find ‘HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT\Control Panel\Desktop’
Select ‘WaitToKillAppTimeout’
Right click and select ‘Modify’
Change the value to ‘1000′
Click ‘OK’
Now find ‘HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\’
Select ‘WaitToKillServiceTimeout’
Right click and select ‘Modify’
Change the value to’1000′
Click ‘OK’
Go to Start then select Run
Type ‘Regedit’ and click ok
Find ‘HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop\’
Select ‘WaitToKillAppTimeout’
Right click and select ‘Modify’
Change the value to ‘1000′
Click ‘OK’
Now select ‘HungAppTimeout’
Right click and select ‘Modify’
Change the value to ‘1000′
Click ‘OK’
Now find ‘HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT\Control Panel\Desktop’
Select ‘WaitToKillAppTimeout’
Right click and select ‘Modify’
Change the value to ‘1000′
Click ‘OK’
Now find ‘HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\’
Select ‘WaitToKillServiceTimeout’
Right click and select ‘Modify’
Change the value to’1000′
Click ‘OK’
Friday, May 13, 2011
::: IT related name's definition :::
AGP
Accelerated Graphics Port is a type of expansion card slot on the mother board that is optimized to work with high performance video cards. They enable better viewing of 3D graphics and full motion video on your display.
BIOS
Basic Input Output System is code used when a PC first starts up. It contains configuration information about all the Input and Output devices in the PC so that the processor chip knows how to connect to and work with them.
BIT
This is binary digit and is the smallest piece of information a computer uses. A bit is always in one of two states, either 0 or 1, except for the tiny instant of time required to switch from one state to the other.
BYTE
A byte is eight bits. The data and instructions (code) that a CPU uses are coded into bytes. For example capital letter ‘A’ in ASCII (PC) code is byte 0100 0001. A lower case ‘a’ is byte 0110 0001.
BROWSER
Software on a computer used to request and display web pages from a Server.
CABLE MODEM
A type of modem that provides very high speed access to the Internet over the same cable that your cable TV service uses. Rates are asymmetric. This means that downloads are much faster than uploads. Typical download rates are 2 to 3 Mbps and uploads are in the 500Kbs range. This is blazing speed compared to a 56Kbps dial-up modem.
CACHE
Cache is a small fast SRAM type of memory. It prevents CPU slowdown, which happens when the CPU has to wait on slower devices like RAM memory and the hard drive. There are two levels of cache.
Level 1 or L1 cache is a small fast memory located on the same chip as the CPU. When files are first requested by the CPU they are read into the CPU from the hard drive and written into the L1 cache at the same time. When the CPU needs data again it checks the L1 cache and if it finds it there it gets it instantly. If not, it looks successively in the L2 cache, RAM and finally the hard drive, each of which is a little slower in delivering the data the CPU has requested.
If the CPU finds the data it wants in a cache it’s called a ‘hit’ and that’s good. If it doesn’t it’s called a ‘miss’ which makes the CPU wait a little longer to get the data or instruction it needs from one of the other slower devices.
This little bit of time saved by cache hits may not seem significant, but keep in mind that millions of accesses can be performed in a second. Every cache hit shaves time off the data access. Every cache miss adds time to the access. Cache misses lower performance and cache hits raise it!
Because level 2 or L2 cache is located in chips on the motherboard or on the board that holds the CPU it takes a little longer to access than the L1 cache.
L2 cache is becoming more important as it grows in size and performance. The L1 cache is very small because it is on the same chip as the large CPU. Due to it’s small size, chances are high that the CPU won’t find the data it needs there. An L1 cache miss causes the CPU to look in the L2 cache for the data.
The long and short of all this – If the data the CPU needs is not found in the L1 cache or L2 cache, the CPU must to wait to get it from the RAM memory. And if it isn’t in RAM, then the CPU goes on vacation for a number of milliseconds, which is a long time in the CPU world, while the data is retrieved from the hard drive.
CDD
Compact Disk Drive is a storage device that uses optics to read data from compact disks. CDDs that can read as well as write are very popular now.
CPU
The Central Processing Unit is a special chip that controls what happens in a PC. It fetches instructions and does high speed computations on data. It is somewhat like our brain in that it controls everything we do.
DIMM
Dual Inline Memory Module is a small printed circuit board that contains DRAM memory chips. When we say a PC has 256 MBytes of memory we are talking about the total capacity of all the DIMM modules installed in it.
Modern motherboard provide two to four sockets that accept DIMMs.
DOMAIN NAME
A unique name, formed with letters and numbers, that points to the actual numerical Internet address which locates a particular computer connected to the Internet. For instance, The Yahoo domain name points to Internet address 66.218.71.198.
So when you enter www.yahoo.com in your browser and click go, a special server called a domain name server intercepts and directs your request to the server located at address 66.218.71.198.
DRAM
Dynamic Random Access Memory is type of memory that must constantly be refreshed to retain it contents. It is used as the main memory in a PC and is packaged in DIMMs which plug into the motherboard.
DSL Modem
DSL stands Digital Subscriber Line. The DSL modem is a fairly new device, which allows high speed data to move between your PC and the telephone company on the same line that you use for your telephone calls. Yes. you can use your PC and talk over this line at the same time without interference!
How? Picture of a double-decker bridge with two levels. The traffic on the two levels does not interfere with each other even though it is the same bridge, right? Think of your phone call using the lower level and your PC using the upper level. Instead of being separated by different levels in space, the separation is done by your PC and voice each using a different carrier frequency, just like two different radio stations.
FAT16
FAT is the abbreviation for File Allocation Table. It is a table where the system keeps basic information for each file on your hard drive. The 16 indicates the number of bits used to address the hard drive. The largest partition FAT16 can access is 2MB. When used on a hard drive that is bigger than 2MB the drive space will be divided into a number of partitions.
For example a 10MB drive would be divided into five partitions of 2MB each. If the drive were the only one in the system the partitions would be called C:, D:, E:, F:, and G:.
FAT32
FAT is the abbreviation for File Allocation Table. It is a table where the system keeps basic information for each file on your hard drive. The 32 indicates the number of bits used to address the hard drive. The largest partition FAT32 can access is 2 Terabytes (two trillion bytes)! So far there are no hard drives I know of that begin to approach this size. Windows 98 was the first of the Windows OS to support this file structure.
FDD
Floppy Disk Drive is a device which provides a way for the PC to read and write floppy disks, which are a type of removable storage media. Floppy disks (3 1/2 inch) have a capacity of 1.44 Mbytes. When PCs first came out, floppy disks were 5 1/4 inch and held 720 Kbytes.
FIREWIRE
Firewire also known as IEEE 1394 or iLink is a very fast serial bus that runs at 400 Mbps. It competes directly against USB 2.0. Transmit and Receive data are carried on two separately-shielded twisted pair transmission lines. There are two other, rarely used, wires that provide power to remote devices.
Many newer computers have Firewire ports that are used to connect them to very fast external devices.
FTP
File Transfer Protocol is the method used by computers to send and receive files over the Internet.
HTML
Hyper Text Markup Language is the coding that is used to format web pages on Servers so that Browsers can display them.
HTTP
Hyper Text Transport Protocol is used by browsers and servers to facilitate the transport of web pages across the Internet.
HDD
Hard Disk Drive is a device that provides a large fixed typically (non removable) storage area. Some units today easily removable from the front of the PC. The capacity of HDDs has continued to increase. 40Gbyte drives are readily available and inexpensive. The HDDs used in the first PC had only 10Mbytes of storage.
IDE
Integrated Drive Electronics refers to the electronic control section of a Hard or Floppy Drive. This control section coordinates the electromechanical operation of the drive so that data can be written to and read from the spinning disk inside it. The motherboard connects to Drives over an IDE ribbon cable.
I/O
This means Input/Output. Input is data or signals that are fed into a device. Output is data or signals that a device drives to the outside. Some devices can do both, others are only one or the other.
ISA
Industry Standard Architecture refers to a type of expansion slot on the motherboard. It is the oldest of all expansion type slots and first appeared in the IBM PC XT. Thousands of expansion or add-on cards as they are also called, have been designed to plug into the ISA slot. The use of expansion cards vastly extends the function and capability of the PC.
MEMORY NON-VOLATILE
Memory is a device that retains information electronically. When power is removed the information is retained.
MEMORY VOLATILE
Memory is a device that retains information electronically. When power is removed the information is lost. The DRAM memory used in a PC is the volatile type.
OS
Operating Systems are the basic foundation or platform programs that allow you to load and run other programs on a PC. Windows 95 is an example of an Operating System.
PARALLEL PORT
The parallel port is a standard port on a PC and moves data out of the PC. One byte (eight bits in parallel) are sent out on 8 pins for each data transfer. Historically this port is connected to your printer. It also known as a ‘Centronics’ port, named after the manufacturer of the 38- pin connector first used on the parallel port.
PCI
Peripheral Component Interconnect refers to a type of expansion slot found on PC motherboards. It is a newer type of expansion slot than ISA, and many types of Add-On cards have been designed to use it.
RANDOM ACCESS
This refers to an access method. It means that any random location in a storage or memory device can be immediately accessed, with out going serially to get there. It’s like a cassette where your at the beginning and have to wind through everything on the tape to get to the last song! Compact Disks and PC Main memory are random access devices.
SERIAL ACCESS
This access method is found in audio or video cassettes. It means you can not access any location you choose to instantly. You might have to rewind or fast forward through lots of information you are not interested in to get to where you want to go.
SERIAL PORT
The serial port is standard port on a PC and can move data in and out of the PC. The serial port moves one bit on each data transfer. Many different types of devices connect to a PC through it.
SERVER
Software on a computer that serves web pages in response to requests from a Browser.
SIMM
Single Inline Memory Module is a small printed circuit board that contains DRAM memory. This is an older board style that was used in PCs before DIMMs were developed.
SRAM
Static Random Access Memory is type of memory that retains data without being refreshed. It is used in the cache memories of the PC.
TROJAN HORSE
Trojan horses are dangerous programs that appear like they might perform some useful task, or provide entertainment. This false appearance encourages people to run them. When they are run, they can damage files or place a virus on your computer.
Unlike a virus a Trojan horse does not replicate and spread. Since it isn’t a virus it can’t be repaired and must be erased from your computer.
USB
Universal Serial Bus is a high speed serial bus found on all newer PCs. Eventually it will obsolete the serial and parallel ports still found on most PCs.
USB specifies three data rates. Every USB port may not support the highest rate. If you buy a device with a USB port, make sure out find out which rates it does support.
• Low speed – 1.5Mb/s
• Full Speed – 12Mb/s
• High Speed – 480 Mb/s
VIDEO ADAPTER
The video adapter is circuit board found in the PC or monitor that controls how data is converted and sent to the monitor for viewing.
Most displays and video adapters adhere to the Video Graphics Array (VGA) standard, which describes how data – the red, green, blue data streams – are passed from the computer to the display.
In addition, it defines the frame refresh rates in hertz and the number and width of horizontal lines, which in turn identifies the screen resolution in pixels.
Here are some of the video standards that have been used:
* CGA is 320 x 200 – developed in 1981 by IBM, no longer in use.
* EGA is 640 x 350 – developed in 1984 by IBM, no longer in use.
* VGA is 640 x 480 – developed in 1987 by IBM and still in use.
* Super VGA is 800 x 600.
* Extended Graphics Adapter, XGA is 1024 x 768.
* Super XGA is 1280 x 1024.
* Ultra XGA is 1600 x 1200.
VIRUS
It is a program designed to change the way your computer operates without your permission or knowledge. When a virus attaches itself to another file, it infects it. Any time you activate an infected file it can damage files, cause erratic system behavior, or display messages. Some system viruses are programmed specifically to corrupt programs, delete files, or erase your disk.
Viruses are inactive until you run an infected program, start your computer from a disk with infected system files, or open an infected file. Once a virus is active in memory it can infect any other programs, local or network, that you run.
Files infected with a virus can be inoculated (the virus is removed from the program).
WORM
Worms are a close cousin to viruses and Trojan Horses. Unlike a virus they don’t infect other programs. They do however make many copies of themselves in memory, which effectively consumes all your memory. This leaves no memory to run you regular programs. Your PC may behave very erratically, or just grind to a halt!
Some worms get into your e-mail list and e-mail themselves to everyone on your e-mail list without you knowledge. When each unsuspecting recipient opens such an e-mail, it broadcasts itself to everyone on their e-mail list. This is how worms rapidly travel throughout the Internet! Worms can not be repaired since they are not viruses. They must be erased from your computer, the sooner the better!
Accelerated Graphics Port is a type of expansion card slot on the mother board that is optimized to work with high performance video cards. They enable better viewing of 3D graphics and full motion video on your display.
BIOS
Basic Input Output System is code used when a PC first starts up. It contains configuration information about all the Input and Output devices in the PC so that the processor chip knows how to connect to and work with them.
BIT
This is binary digit and is the smallest piece of information a computer uses. A bit is always in one of two states, either 0 or 1, except for the tiny instant of time required to switch from one state to the other.
BYTE
A byte is eight bits. The data and instructions (code) that a CPU uses are coded into bytes. For example capital letter ‘A’ in ASCII (PC) code is byte 0100 0001. A lower case ‘a’ is byte 0110 0001.
BROWSER
Software on a computer used to request and display web pages from a Server.
CABLE MODEM
A type of modem that provides very high speed access to the Internet over the same cable that your cable TV service uses. Rates are asymmetric. This means that downloads are much faster than uploads. Typical download rates are 2 to 3 Mbps and uploads are in the 500Kbs range. This is blazing speed compared to a 56Kbps dial-up modem.
CACHE
Cache is a small fast SRAM type of memory. It prevents CPU slowdown, which happens when the CPU has to wait on slower devices like RAM memory and the hard drive. There are two levels of cache.
Level 1 or L1 cache is a small fast memory located on the same chip as the CPU. When files are first requested by the CPU they are read into the CPU from the hard drive and written into the L1 cache at the same time. When the CPU needs data again it checks the L1 cache and if it finds it there it gets it instantly. If not, it looks successively in the L2 cache, RAM and finally the hard drive, each of which is a little slower in delivering the data the CPU has requested.
If the CPU finds the data it wants in a cache it’s called a ‘hit’ and that’s good. If it doesn’t it’s called a ‘miss’ which makes the CPU wait a little longer to get the data or instruction it needs from one of the other slower devices.
This little bit of time saved by cache hits may not seem significant, but keep in mind that millions of accesses can be performed in a second. Every cache hit shaves time off the data access. Every cache miss adds time to the access. Cache misses lower performance and cache hits raise it!
Because level 2 or L2 cache is located in chips on the motherboard or on the board that holds the CPU it takes a little longer to access than the L1 cache.
L2 cache is becoming more important as it grows in size and performance. The L1 cache is very small because it is on the same chip as the large CPU. Due to it’s small size, chances are high that the CPU won’t find the data it needs there. An L1 cache miss causes the CPU to look in the L2 cache for the data.
The long and short of all this – If the data the CPU needs is not found in the L1 cache or L2 cache, the CPU must to wait to get it from the RAM memory. And if it isn’t in RAM, then the CPU goes on vacation for a number of milliseconds, which is a long time in the CPU world, while the data is retrieved from the hard drive.
CDD
Compact Disk Drive is a storage device that uses optics to read data from compact disks. CDDs that can read as well as write are very popular now.
CPU
The Central Processing Unit is a special chip that controls what happens in a PC. It fetches instructions and does high speed computations on data. It is somewhat like our brain in that it controls everything we do.
DIMM
Dual Inline Memory Module is a small printed circuit board that contains DRAM memory chips. When we say a PC has 256 MBytes of memory we are talking about the total capacity of all the DIMM modules installed in it.
Modern motherboard provide two to four sockets that accept DIMMs.
DOMAIN NAME
A unique name, formed with letters and numbers, that points to the actual numerical Internet address which locates a particular computer connected to the Internet. For instance, The Yahoo domain name points to Internet address 66.218.71.198.
So when you enter www.yahoo.com in your browser and click go, a special server called a domain name server intercepts and directs your request to the server located at address 66.218.71.198.
DRAM
Dynamic Random Access Memory is type of memory that must constantly be refreshed to retain it contents. It is used as the main memory in a PC and is packaged in DIMMs which plug into the motherboard.
DSL Modem
DSL stands Digital Subscriber Line. The DSL modem is a fairly new device, which allows high speed data to move between your PC and the telephone company on the same line that you use for your telephone calls. Yes. you can use your PC and talk over this line at the same time without interference!
How? Picture of a double-decker bridge with two levels. The traffic on the two levels does not interfere with each other even though it is the same bridge, right? Think of your phone call using the lower level and your PC using the upper level. Instead of being separated by different levels in space, the separation is done by your PC and voice each using a different carrier frequency, just like two different radio stations.
FAT16
FAT is the abbreviation for File Allocation Table. It is a table where the system keeps basic information for each file on your hard drive. The 16 indicates the number of bits used to address the hard drive. The largest partition FAT16 can access is 2MB. When used on a hard drive that is bigger than 2MB the drive space will be divided into a number of partitions.
For example a 10MB drive would be divided into five partitions of 2MB each. If the drive were the only one in the system the partitions would be called C:, D:, E:, F:, and G:.
FAT32
FAT is the abbreviation for File Allocation Table. It is a table where the system keeps basic information for each file on your hard drive. The 32 indicates the number of bits used to address the hard drive. The largest partition FAT32 can access is 2 Terabytes (two trillion bytes)! So far there are no hard drives I know of that begin to approach this size. Windows 98 was the first of the Windows OS to support this file structure.
FDD
Floppy Disk Drive is a device which provides a way for the PC to read and write floppy disks, which are a type of removable storage media. Floppy disks (3 1/2 inch) have a capacity of 1.44 Mbytes. When PCs first came out, floppy disks were 5 1/4 inch and held 720 Kbytes.
FIREWIRE
Firewire also known as IEEE 1394 or iLink is a very fast serial bus that runs at 400 Mbps. It competes directly against USB 2.0. Transmit and Receive data are carried on two separately-shielded twisted pair transmission lines. There are two other, rarely used, wires that provide power to remote devices.
Many newer computers have Firewire ports that are used to connect them to very fast external devices.
FTP
File Transfer Protocol is the method used by computers to send and receive files over the Internet.
HTML
Hyper Text Markup Language is the coding that is used to format web pages on Servers so that Browsers can display them.
HTTP
Hyper Text Transport Protocol is used by browsers and servers to facilitate the transport of web pages across the Internet.
HDD
Hard Disk Drive is a device that provides a large fixed typically (non removable) storage area. Some units today easily removable from the front of the PC. The capacity of HDDs has continued to increase. 40Gbyte drives are readily available and inexpensive. The HDDs used in the first PC had only 10Mbytes of storage.
IDE
Integrated Drive Electronics refers to the electronic control section of a Hard or Floppy Drive. This control section coordinates the electromechanical operation of the drive so that data can be written to and read from the spinning disk inside it. The motherboard connects to Drives over an IDE ribbon cable.
I/O
This means Input/Output. Input is data or signals that are fed into a device. Output is data or signals that a device drives to the outside. Some devices can do both, others are only one or the other.
ISA
Industry Standard Architecture refers to a type of expansion slot on the motherboard. It is the oldest of all expansion type slots and first appeared in the IBM PC XT. Thousands of expansion or add-on cards as they are also called, have been designed to plug into the ISA slot. The use of expansion cards vastly extends the function and capability of the PC.
MEMORY NON-VOLATILE
Memory is a device that retains information electronically. When power is removed the information is retained.
MEMORY VOLATILE
Memory is a device that retains information electronically. When power is removed the information is lost. The DRAM memory used in a PC is the volatile type.
OS
Operating Systems are the basic foundation or platform programs that allow you to load and run other programs on a PC. Windows 95 is an example of an Operating System.
PARALLEL PORT
The parallel port is a standard port on a PC and moves data out of the PC. One byte (eight bits in parallel) are sent out on 8 pins for each data transfer. Historically this port is connected to your printer. It also known as a ‘Centronics’ port, named after the manufacturer of the 38- pin connector first used on the parallel port.
PCI
Peripheral Component Interconnect refers to a type of expansion slot found on PC motherboards. It is a newer type of expansion slot than ISA, and many types of Add-On cards have been designed to use it.
RANDOM ACCESS
This refers to an access method. It means that any random location in a storage or memory device can be immediately accessed, with out going serially to get there. It’s like a cassette where your at the beginning and have to wind through everything on the tape to get to the last song! Compact Disks and PC Main memory are random access devices.
SERIAL ACCESS
This access method is found in audio or video cassettes. It means you can not access any location you choose to instantly. You might have to rewind or fast forward through lots of information you are not interested in to get to where you want to go.
SERIAL PORT
The serial port is standard port on a PC and can move data in and out of the PC. The serial port moves one bit on each data transfer. Many different types of devices connect to a PC through it.
SERVER
Software on a computer that serves web pages in response to requests from a Browser.
SIMM
Single Inline Memory Module is a small printed circuit board that contains DRAM memory. This is an older board style that was used in PCs before DIMMs were developed.
SRAM
Static Random Access Memory is type of memory that retains data without being refreshed. It is used in the cache memories of the PC.
TROJAN HORSE
Trojan horses are dangerous programs that appear like they might perform some useful task, or provide entertainment. This false appearance encourages people to run them. When they are run, they can damage files or place a virus on your computer.
Unlike a virus a Trojan horse does not replicate and spread. Since it isn’t a virus it can’t be repaired and must be erased from your computer.
USB
Universal Serial Bus is a high speed serial bus found on all newer PCs. Eventually it will obsolete the serial and parallel ports still found on most PCs.
USB specifies three data rates. Every USB port may not support the highest rate. If you buy a device with a USB port, make sure out find out which rates it does support.
• Low speed – 1.5Mb/s
• Full Speed – 12Mb/s
• High Speed – 480 Mb/s
VIDEO ADAPTER
The video adapter is circuit board found in the PC or monitor that controls how data is converted and sent to the monitor for viewing.
Most displays and video adapters adhere to the Video Graphics Array (VGA) standard, which describes how data – the red, green, blue data streams – are passed from the computer to the display.
In addition, it defines the frame refresh rates in hertz and the number and width of horizontal lines, which in turn identifies the screen resolution in pixels.
Here are some of the video standards that have been used:
* CGA is 320 x 200 – developed in 1981 by IBM, no longer in use.
* EGA is 640 x 350 – developed in 1984 by IBM, no longer in use.
* VGA is 640 x 480 – developed in 1987 by IBM and still in use.
* Super VGA is 800 x 600.
* Extended Graphics Adapter, XGA is 1024 x 768.
* Super XGA is 1280 x 1024.
* Ultra XGA is 1600 x 1200.
VIRUS
It is a program designed to change the way your computer operates without your permission or knowledge. When a virus attaches itself to another file, it infects it. Any time you activate an infected file it can damage files, cause erratic system behavior, or display messages. Some system viruses are programmed specifically to corrupt programs, delete files, or erase your disk.
Viruses are inactive until you run an infected program, start your computer from a disk with infected system files, or open an infected file. Once a virus is active in memory it can infect any other programs, local or network, that you run.
Files infected with a virus can be inoculated (the virus is removed from the program).
WORM
Worms are a close cousin to viruses and Trojan Horses. Unlike a virus they don’t infect other programs. They do however make many copies of themselves in memory, which effectively consumes all your memory. This leaves no memory to run you regular programs. Your PC may behave very erratically, or just grind to a halt!
Some worms get into your e-mail list and e-mail themselves to everyone on your e-mail list without you knowledge. When each unsuspecting recipient opens such an e-mail, it broadcasts itself to everyone on their e-mail list. This is how worms rapidly travel throughout the Internet! Worms can not be repaired since they are not viruses. They must be erased from your computer, the sooner the better!
::: How to start windows programs quickly? :::
The run option of Start menu is used to run a program or to open a document directly. If you
do not know the exact location of the program or document then click on Start button to open
Run and type the programs shortcut name to open it directly.
Run Commands
appwiz.cpl -- Used to run Add/Remove wizard
Calc --Calculator
Cfgwiz32 --ISDN Configuration Wizard
Charmap --Character Map
Chkdisk --Repair damaged files
Cleanmgr --Cleans up hard drives
Clipbrd --Windows Clipboard viewer
Control --Displays Control Panel
Cmd --Opens a new Command Window
Control mouse --Used to control mouse properties
Dcomcnfg --DCOM user security
Debug --Assembly language programming tool
Defrag --Defragmentation tool
Drwatson --Records programs crash & snapshots
Dxdiag --DirectX Diagnostic Utility
Explorer --Windows Explorer
Fontview --Graphical font viewer
Fsmgmt.msc -- Used to open shared folders
Firewall.cpl -- Used to configure windows firewall
Ftp -ftp.exe program
Hostname --Returns Computer's name
Hdwwiz.cpl -- Used to run Add Hardware wizard
Ipconfig --Displays IP configuration for all network adapters
Logoff -- Used to logoff the computer
MMC --Microsoft Management Console
Msconfig --Configuration to edit startup files
Mstsc -- Used to access remote desktop
Mrc -- Malicious Software Removal Tool
Msinfo32 --Microsoft System Information Utility
Nbtstat --Displays stats and current connections using NetBIOS over TCP/IP
Netstat --Displays all active network connections
Nslookup--Returns your local DNS server
Osk ---Used to access on screen keyboard
Perfmon.msc -- Used to configure the performance of Monitor.
Ping --Sends data to a specified host/IP
Powercfg.cpl -- Used to configure power option
Regedit --Registry Editor
Regwiz -- Registration wizard
Sfc /scannow -- System File Checker
Sndrec32 --Sound Recorder
Shutdown -- Used to shutdown the windows
Spider -- Used to open spider solitaire card game
Sfc / scannow -- Used to run system file checker utility.
Sndvol32 --Volume control for soundcard
Sysedit -- Edit system startup files
Taskmgr --Task manager
Telephon.cpl -- Used to configure modem options.
Telnet --Telnet program
Tracert --Traces and displays all paths required to reach an internet host
Winchat -- Used to chat with Microsoft
Wmplayer -- Used to run Windows Media player
Wab -- Used to open Windows address Book.
WinWord -- Used to open Microsoft word
Winipcfg --Displays IP configuration
Winver -- Used to check Windows Version
Wupdmgr --Takes you to Microsoft Windows Update
Write -- Used to open WordPad
::: Hidden Programs In Windows Xp :::
1- Private Character Editor : This program is for designing icons
and Characters (Alphabets)
Click :start
Then :run
type :EUDCEDIT
2- iExpress : This Program is for converting your files to EXCUTABLE
files
Click : start
Then : run
type : iexpress
3-Disk Cleanup : This program used for cleaning hard disk to offer
space
Click : start
Then : run
type : cleanmgr
4-This program Is for repairing problems in Windows
Click : start
Then : run
type : drwtsn32
5-Windows Media Player 5.1 : Opens the old media player
Click : start
Then : run
type : mplay32
Program ............. CODE
Character Map = charmap
DirectX diagnosis = dxdiag
Object Packager = packager
System Monitor = perfmon
Program Manager = progman
Remote Access phone book = rasphone
Registry Editor = regedt32
File signature verification tool = sigverif
Volume Control = sndvol32
System Configuration Editor = sysedit
Sys key = syskey
Microsoft Telnet Client = telnet
and Characters (Alphabets)
Click :start
Then :run
type :EUDCEDIT
2- iExpress : This Program is for converting your files to EXCUTABLE
files
Click : start
Then : run
type : iexpress
3-Disk Cleanup : This program used for cleaning hard disk to offer
space
Click : start
Then : run
type : cleanmgr
4-This program Is for repairing problems in Windows
Click : start
Then : run
type : drwtsn32
5-Windows Media Player 5.1 : Opens the old media player
Click : start
Then : run
type : mplay32
Program ............. CODE
Character Map = charmap
DirectX diagnosis = dxdiag
Object Packager = packager
System Monitor = perfmon
Program Manager = progman
Remote Access phone book = rasphone
Registry Editor = regedt32
File signature verification tool = sigverif
Volume Control = sndvol32
System Configuration Editor = sysedit
Sys key = syskey
Microsoft Telnet Client = telnet
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